Description of bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is a disease, where in bladder cancer cells grow. The bladder is located in the lower abdomen and is a hollow organ with flexible muscular wall. Its main function is to store urine before urination.
Cancer occurs, when the cells of the organism (In this case, the cells of the bladder) divide without control and order. Usually, cells divide chaotically. If cells keep dividing uncontrollably, when the body does not need new cells, excrescent (weight) of cloth, called a growth or tumor. The term cancer refers to malignant tumors, that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors do not spread throughout the body.
There are three main types of bladder cancer. They are classified by the type of cell, which become cancerous:
- Уротелиальная карцинома – на нее приходится более 90% bladder cancer;
- Плоскоклеточный рак – составляет около 4% cases of bladder cancer;
- Аденокарцинома – около 1% -2% bladder cancer.
Causes of bladder cancer
The cause of bladder cancer is unknown. But, identified several risk factors.
Risk factors for bladder cancer
Factors, which increase the likelihood of bladder cancer:
- Smoking;
- Age: Most cases of bladder cancer is recorded in 65-85 years;
- Occupation (due to occupational exposure to certain substances);
- The risk group includes:
- People, working with rubber, leather and textile;
- Artists;
- Parikmaxerы;
- Train drivers;
- Truck Drivers;
- Oil Industry Workers;
- Race: white;
- Paul: male;
- Genetics;
- Chronic bladder inflammation or infection (eg, schistosomiasis, infection, вызванные паразитическими червями);
- Personal or family history of bladder cancer;
- Применение некоторых химиотерапевтических препаратов: cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide;
- Exposure to arsenic;
- Лучевая терапия в области таза;
- Birth defects of the bladder;
- Chemical substances (eg, nitrozaminы, ʙenzidin);
- Urinary stones for many years;
- Prolonged use of a catheter to drain urine (for many years);
- Дивертикулы мочевого пузыря – выпячивание стенки мочевого пузыря;
- Metastasis of cancer from another species.
Symptoms of bladder cancer
Symptoms include:
- Blood in the urine (hematuria)
- Frequent urination or a strong urge to urinate without voiding;
- Urodynia;
- Lower back pain;
- Weight loss, bone pain, боли в животе – в запущенных случаях рака.
These symptoms may be caused by other, less severe disorders, such as bladder stones or infection. If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a doctor.
Diagnosis of bladder cancer
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical examination. During the examination, the doctor will examine the abdomen and tazaovuyu region to search for abnormalities. It may also be carried out rectally or vaginally examination.
Assays include:
- Цитологическое исследование мочи – пробу мочи исследуют под микроскопом для поиска раковых или предраковых клеток;
- Посев мочи – для поисков признаков инфекции (eg, bacteria);
- Цистоскопия – процедура, in which the doctor examines the bladder through the urethra using a cystoscope and (a thin tube with a camera and light source);
- Внутривенная пиелограмма – рентген мочевого пузыря, kidney, ureters after entering the bloodstream radiopaque substance;
- Компьютерная томография брюшной полости – типа рентгена, wherein the computer is used, to take pictures inside of the bladder and surrounding organs;
- Магнитно-резонансная томография – тест, which uses magnetic waves, to take pictures inside of the bladder and surrounding organs;
- Ультразвуковое исследование – тест, which uses sound waves to study the bladder;
- Сканирование костей – тип обследования, which uses a computer and a special gamma-ray, to make pictures of bones with suspected metastasis;
- Биопсия – удаление образца ткани мочевого пузыря, to check for cancer cells.
Treatment of bladder cancer
If diagnosed with cancer of the bladder, assigned survey, to determine the extent of its spread. Treatment of bladder cancer depends on the stage. The stages of bladder cancer:
- Stage 0: cancer cells are found only on the surface of the inner membrane of the urinary bladder;
- Stage 1: cancer cells are found in the interior of the bladder inside the shell; lymph nodes are not affected with cancer;
- Stage 2: cancer cells have spread to the muscle of the bladder; lymph nodes are not affected with cancer;
- Stage 3: cancer cells have spread the muscular wall of the bladder to the layer of tissue, surrounding the bladder or reproductive organs, including prostate, lymph nodes are not affected;
- Stage 4: cancer cells, spread beyond the bladder to the abdominal wall or the wall of the pelvis without lymph node involvement or spread on one or more of the lymph nodes and other parts of the body.
Treatment options include the following:
Operation bladder
The operation involves the removal of cancerous cells and surrounding tissue. Operations for the treatment of bladder cancer include transurethral resection and cystectomy.
- Трансуретральная резекция – выполняется на ранней стадии или при поверхностном раке мочевого пузыря. Through the urethra into the bladder introduced cystoscope. At the end of the cystoscope is a small wire loop, which is used to remove cancer cells. Besides, during this procedure can be carried out glare (burning by means of electric current remaining cancer cells);
- Cystectomy (surgical removal of all or part of the bladder) – выполняется при инвазивном раке мочевого пузыря. Частичная цистэктомия – удаление части мочевого пузыря, while at radical cystectomy removes the entire bladder and nearby lymph nodes. Men, usually, also removes the prostate gland. Women have a uterus may be removed, ovary, part of the vagina and the fallopian tubes. When the bladder is removed, for the accumulation of urine should be a special bag.
Radiation therapy
Лучевая терапия – использование радиационного излучения, allowing to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy may be:
- Внешняя лучевая терапия – излучение направлено на опухоль из источника радиации за пределами тела;
- Внутренняя лучевая терапия – радиоактивные материалы располагаются вблизи раковых клеток мочевого пузыря. Are introduced through the urethra or through an incision in the abdominal cavity.
Chemotherapy
Химиотерапия – использование медицинских препаратов для уничтожения раковых клеток. Chemotherapy drugs may be administered in various forms, including tablets, injection or administration through the catheter. The drugs enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, killing mostly cancer cells, and also some healthy cells. При раке мочевого пузыря препараты для химиотерапии часто вводят непосредственно в мочевой пузырь – это называется внутрипузырная химиотерапия.
Biological Therapy (immunotherapy)
Биологическая терапия – использование иммунной системы организма для борьбы с раком. Substances, vyrabytyvaemye in the body or in the laboratory are administered directly into the bladder, to help improve or restore the body's defenses against cancer. This type of therapy is used only for superficial cancers, which was removed transurethrally.
Prevention of bladder cancer
Steps, which can reduce the risk of bladder cancer:
- Do not smoke or use tobacco products. If you smoke, to throw;
- It is necessary to avoid or minimize occupational exposure to chemicals; Follow safe work practices;
- Eat a diet, rich in fruits and vegetables;
- Avoid excessive consumption of foods high in fat and high cholesterol;
- Minimize the use of phenacetin, medication.