Diabetes 1 type

Description of diabetes 1 type

Диабет – повышение содержания глюкозы в крови выше нормального уровня. The glucose in the human body is in the blood. The hormone insulin helps her move from your blood cells, where it is cleaved to generate energy. In the presence of diabetes, the glucose can not get into the cells and accumulates in the blood.

With diabetes 1 type body does not produce enough insulin, resulting in the accumulation of glucose in the blood. This condition is called hyperglycemia. In the same time, although the cells do not receive glucose, they need to function. High levels of glucose in the blood over a long period of time may cause damage to vital organs. Most often it affects the blood vessels, heart, kidneys, eyes and nerves.

Diabetes 1 the type often found in childhood and adolescence.

The causes of diabetes 1 type

Our immune system protects the body and destroys viruses and bacteria. Unfortunately, Sometimes the immune system attacks healthy tissue. Most cases of diabetes 1 type develops due to, that the immune system destroys the cells, that produce insulin. These cells are found in the pancreas.

It is not yet clear, why the immune system attacks the cells. It is believed, that some people have genes, which make them prone to diabetes. Certain triggers, and environmental conditions can activate them and cause, that the immune system will attack the pancreas. Triggers currently are not exactly known, but it is assumed, that they may have some viruses, foodstuffs or chemicals.

Risk factors Diabetes 1 type

Risk factors include:

• Family history (parents, brother, sister) Diabetes 1 type;
• Age: beginning at age 4 age and peaks at ages 11-13 years;
• Paul: more common in men, than in women;
• Ethnicity: Northman, Mediterranean, afroamerikancы, latinoamerikancы;
• Pregnancy in older age;
• The risk increases with increasing birth weight;
• Obesity in children;
• Some autoimmune diseases, including:
  • Зоб Хасимото – болезнь щитовидной железы;
  • Базедова болезнь – заболевание щитовидной железы;
  • Болезнь Аддисона – заболевание надпочечников;
  • Zlokachestvennaya anemia;
  • Целиакия – аутоиммунное заболевание желудочно-кишечного тракта;
  • Витилиго – заболевание, that affects the skin cells.

Symptoms of diabetes 1 type

These symptoms, except diabetes 1 type, They may be caused by other, less serious diseases. If you experience any of them, consult a doctor.

Symptoms may include:

• Weight loss;
• Increased urination;
• Extreme thirst;
• Hunger;
• Fatigue, weakness;
• Blurred vision;
• Irritability;
• Headache.

Without insulin the body needs to find new ways to generate energy. This leads to an imbalance of body, and is the state, It called ketoacidosis. This is a serious condition, which may lead to coma or death. Symptoms of ketoacidosis include:

• Vomiting and nausea;
• Abdominal pain;
• Dehydration (lack of fluid in the body);
• Drowsiness;
• Abnormally deep and fast breathing;
• Coma;
• Dry skin and dry mouth;
• Fruity breath odor;
• Rapid pulse;
• Low blood pressure.

Diagnosis of diabetes 1 type

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, a physical exam. He will also ask about family history of diabetes.

Diabetes 1 type will be diagnosed based on blood test results and other criteria. These include:

• Symptoms of diabetes and a blood test, when the blood sugar level is greater than or equal to 200 mg / dL * (11,1 mmol / l);
• Blood test shows a blood glucose level greater than or equal to 126 mg / dL (7,0 mmol / l) в два разных дня – перед проведением теста нельзя есть в течение восьми и более часов;
• The test for glucose tolerance blood glucose level greater than or equal 200 mg / dL (11,1 mmol / l) – тест проводится после употребления некоторого количества сахара;
• Levels of HbA1c in the last 2-4 month up 6,5% or more.

* mg / dL = milligrams per deciliter of blood, mmol / L = millimoles per liter of blood.

You may also need other blood tests to confirm the type of diabetes 1. They may include:

• С-пептид тест – чтобы определить, how much insulin is produced in the pancreas;
• Tests to the determination of antibodies, that attack the pancreas.

Treatment of diabetes 1 type

The goal of diabetes treatment is to keep blood sugar level, as close to normal. Regular medical care is important for preventing or delaying complications.

Insulin

Injections of insulin to increase the level required. The amount of insulin based on the blood analysis and the amount of consumed glucose. Insulin injections is necessary to perform two or more times per day.

It can also be set to an insulin pump, which automatically introduces a small amount of insulin throughout the day.

Pramlintide

Amylin is made in the pancreas, together with insulin. People with diabetes 1 type, this hormone, as insulin offline. Absence of amylin may lead to an increase in blood glucose after eating in individuals with diabetes. The drug can be used Pramlintide, when insulin therapy is not enough, to control blood sugar.

Diet

If you have diabetes 1 type, you have to go through a consultation with a nutritionist. General recommendations include:

• Follow a well-balanced meal plan with various groups of products;
• Eat regularly. Before going to sleep can be a little snack. Do not skip meals;
• Avoid highly refined carbohydrates, which include sugar or products with high fructose.

Physical activity

Exercise is recommended until, is the blood glucose level is under control. Follow your doctor's advice to change the physical exertion.

Maybe, you have to adjust the dose of insulin or diet, if after training your glucose level drops below normal.

Testing blood sugar levels

Regular testing of blood glucose throughout the day will help to reduce the negative effects of diabetes. Testing is often done using a blood glucose monitor. The doctor may recommend a continuous monitoring system, which can be worn all day.

Record the test results, to show the doctor. The treatment plan can vary depending on the results. Also, a physician used HbA1c blood test, to assess the overall level of glucose.

Transplanting islet cell

This procedure, which is still studied. Она включает в себя пересадку островковых клеток от донора к человеку с сахарным диабетом 1 type. After the transplant, the new cells are able to produce insulin. In some cases, people, who have passed, may not require further injections of insulin.

Artificial pancreas gated

The effectiveness of the device still being researched. This system of continuous glucose monitoring, that automatically checks the level of glucose during the day. As required, the system enters the required dose of insulin. The monitoring system will maintain blood sugar levels within the normal range without daily injections or test.

Transplantation of the pancreas

Пересадка поджелудочной железы может быть рекомендована, if you:

• Severe kidney disease, при котором требуется пересадка почки;
• Acute diabetic complications or emergency, which can not be prevented by administration of insulin;
• Serious problems, associated with a large number of insulin injections;
• Heavy and frequent complications, associated with diabetes.

If you are diagnosed with diabetes 1 type, Follow your doctor's instructions.

Prevention of diabetes mellitus 1 type

Currently there is no known way to prevent diabetes type 1.

Some studies exploring the effectiveness of the suppression of the immune system. It may be useful to people, who are at high risk of developing diabetes 1 type.