Depression: what is this, causes, symptoms, diagnostics, treatment, prevention

Depression; Blues; Gloom; Sadness; Melancholy

What is depression?

Depression is a mental illness, that makes a person feel sad, hopelessness or lack of motivation. Estimated, more 350 million people around the world suffer from depression, with the most common forms being major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

Depression can affect every aspect of a person's life., including his relationship, work and self care. It can range from mild to severe, and a person can't just "lose his temper".

Causes of Depression

The exact cause of depression is unknown, but considered, that it is a combination of various factors, such as genetics, biology, environment and lifestyle.

Genetics may play a role, because those, Who has a family history of depression?, more likely to develop it themselves.

Other biological factors, such as changes in the structure and chemistry of the brain, may also play a role in the development of depression.

Environment is another factor, which can affect depression, eg, traumatic life events, persistent stress or lack of social/emotional support.

lifestyle habits, such as unhealthy diet and physical inactivity, may also increase the risk of depression.

Symptoms of depression

Symptoms of depression can vary from person to person., but usually they include a persistent feeling of sadness, futility and hopelessness, as well as changes in behavior and physical functions. Other common symptoms include guilt, irritability, anxiety or even anger; trouble sleeping or sleeping too much; loss of interest in usual activities; difficulty concentrating; and thoughts of death or suicide.

When to contact a healthcare professional

If a person experiences any symptoms of depression for more than two weeks, he should contact a healthcare professional. The sooner a person seeks help, the sooner he will feel better. Besides, if a person has suicidal thoughts, he should seek help immediately. In case of a medical emergency, the person should call the local emergency number.

Diagnosis of Depression

A doctor or mental health professional will make a diagnosis of depression based on a person's symptoms and a detailed medical history.. In addition to the physical exam and medical history, the doctor may ask questions about lifestyle habits, family history and changes in sleep and eating patterns. Blood tests may also be done to check for any medical conditions., which can cause depression.

Treating Depression

Treatment for depression will depend on the severity of the symptoms., human goals and needs. Common treatments include psychotherapy, medications and lifestyle changes. Psychotherapy, or talking therapy, can help a person learn to deal with negative thoughts and behaviors, develop better problem-solving skills and maintain relationships with others. Medicines, such as antidepressants, may help reduce symptoms of depression. Finally, lifestyle changes can help improve mood, eg, regular exercise, healthy eating, and limiting or eliminating the use of alcohol and drugs.

home treatment for depression

For mild depression, home treatment may be an option. Home treatments may include:

• Relaxation methods, such as deep breathing, yoga or tai chi.
• Regular exercise
• Healthy eating
• Enough sleep
• Connecting with family and friends
• Mindfulness Practice
• Gotta try to divert attention, eg, read a book or listen to music
• Seeking support from online or live support groups.

Prevention of depression

There is no reliable way to prevent depression, but there are some strategies, which can reduce the risk. These include:

• Maintaining regular exercise
• Healthy eating
• Stay connected with family and friends
• Reduced stress
• Practicing relaxation techniques
• Seeking Professional Help, when necessary
• Limiting or avoiding drug and alcohol use

Depression is a serious mental illness, but with the right treatment and support, you can manage it and improve your quality of life. It's important to ask for help, if you or someone you know is struggling with depression.

Used sources and literature

American Psychiatric Association website. Depressive disorders. In: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013:155-188.

Fava M, Østergaard SD, Cassano P. Mood disorders: depressive disorders (major depressive disorder). In: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, eds. Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 29.

Kraus C, Kadri B, Lanzenberger R, Zarate Jr CA, Kasper S. Prognosis and improved outcomes in major depression: a review. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):127. PMID: 30944309 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30944309/.

Walter HJ, DeMaso DR. Mood disorders. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Bloom NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 39.

Zuckerbrot RA, Cheung A, Jensen PS, Steins REK, Laraque D; GLAD-PC STEERING GROUP. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): part I. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2018;141(3). pii: e20174081. PMID: 29483200 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483200/.