Diabetes 2 type – Insulinorezistentnыy diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus Type 2; Insulin-Resistant Diabetes; Diabetes, Type 2)
What is diabetes 2 type?
Glucose is a type of sugar. It is in the food, and produced in the liver. Glucose is the main source of energy for the organism, and passes out of the blood into the cells via the insulin hormone. Upon receipt of glucose into the cell, it can be used it to generate energy. Diabetes is a disease, impairing glucose utilization by the body, and causes its accumulation in the blood. As a result, the body is not getting enough energy. Diabetes 2 type is one of the forms of diabetes and is the most common.
Medicines, lifestyle changes can help monitor and control the level of glucose in the blood.
The causes of diabetes 2 type
Diabetes 2 such as is often caused by a combination of several factors. One factor is the, that the body begins to produce less insulin. The second factor is the, that your body becomes resistant to insulin. It means, that although insulin is produced, and, but the body can not use it effectively. Insulin resistance is frequently associated with excessive fat accumulation.
Risk factors Diabetes 2 type
Diabetes 2 type is more common in people aged 45 and older. Besides, He is often found in young people, are obese. Other factors, which increase the likelihood of developing diabetes type 2:
- Prediabetes – impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose;
- Metabolic syndrome – state, characterized by elevated cholesterol levels, glucose, high blood pressure, central obesity (high concentration of fat around the upper body and stomach);
- Being overweight or obese, especially central obesity;
- Lack of exercise;
- Poor diet – consumption of large amounts of processed meat products, fat, sweetened foods and beverages;
- Family history of diabetes 2 type;
- High blood pressure;
- Cardiovascular diseases;
- Depression;
- Presence of the past gestational diabetes or having a baby, which weighs more 4,5 kg at birth;
- Endocrine disorders, such as Cushing's syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, akromegalija, polycystic ovary syndrome, pheochromocytoma or glucagonoma;
- Disease, associated with insulin resistance , such as acanthosis;
- Some medications, such as glucocorticoids and thiazide preparations.
Symptoms of diabetes 2 type
Diabetes may be asymptomatic for years. Symptoms are caused by high blood sugar levels and include:
- Increased urination;
- Extreme thirst;
- Hunger;
- Fatigue;
- Blurry vision;
- Irritability;
- Frequent or recurring infections;
- Poor wound healing;
- Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet;
- Problems with gums;
- Itch;
- Erection problems.
Diagnosis of diabetes 2 type
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, family history of diabetes, and perform a physical examination.
Diagnosis is based on blood test results. It is recommended that in-depth analyzes on diabetes, if:
- Symptoms of diabetes and a blood test showed a blood glucose greater than or equal 200 mg / dL (11,1 mmol / l);
- Test blood sugar, made after, the patient has not eaten for eight hours or more, It shows the blood sugar level is greater than or equal to 126 mg / dL (7 mmol / l) on two different days;
- Glucose tolerance test, made two hours after a meal shows glucose greater than or equal 200 mg / dL (11,1 mmol / l);
- HbA1c level 6,5% or higher indicates the poor condition of blood sugar in the past 2-4 of the month.
mg / dL = milligrams per deciliter of blood, mmol / L = millimol per liter of blood
Treatment of diabetes 2 type
Treatment is aimed at:
- Maintaining blood sugar levels as close to normal;
- Prevention or delay complications;
- Fight with other disorders, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
The diet in the treatment of diabetes 2 type
Food and beverage have a direct effect on blood glucose levels. Eating health foods can help control blood glucose levels and improve the overall health. Some of the main recommendations:
- Follow a balanced meal plan. Food should include carbohydrates, proteins and fats;
- Eat a portion of the appropriate size, do not overeat;
- Do not skip meals. Plan your diet throughout the day. This will help to avoid serious fluctuations in the level of glucose;
- Eat plenty of vegetables and fiber;
- Limit the amount of fat in the diet;
- Consume moderate amounts of protein and dairy products with a low fat;
- Exclude from the diet products, containing high concentrations of sugar;
- Keep a food diary, which show the doctor or dietitian. This will help create effective diet.
Weight loss in the treatment of diabetes 2 type
If you are overweight, weight loss will help the body use insulin more efficiently. Your doctor or dietitian will help to develop a safe meal plan.
To lose weight:
- Use utensils, allows to control the size of portions;
- Consume food according compiled doctor or dietitian to plan;
- Follow the Mediterranean diet.
Exercise in Diabetes 2 type
Physical activity can:
- To increase the effectiveness of insulin;
- Help to lose and maintain a healthy weight;
- To reduce fat levels in the blood.
Do the exercises, which increase heart rate. Going to the gym will help increase muscle strength. Both types of exercises help to improve glucose uptake. Regular exercise can also help reduce the risk of heart disease.
Medications for the treatment of diabetes 2 type
Some medications help cope with the level of glucose in the blood.
Medicines, taken by mouth may include:
- Biguanidы – to reduce the production of glucose by the body's own;
- Sulfonylureas stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin;
- Activators of insulin, to help the body use insulin more efficiently;
- Starch blockers, to reduce the amount of glucose, is absorbed into the blood;
- SGLT2 inhibitors – to increase urine glucose excretion.
Some medications must be administered by injection. These include:
- Inkretinomimetiki – stimulate the pancreas to produce insulin and have the effect of reducing appetite, that can assist with weight loss;
- Amylin Analogs – replace amylin protein, produced by the pancreas. Amylin is a low level in people with diabetes 2 type.
Insulin in Diabetes 2 type
Insulin may be needed, if:
- The body does not produce enough of their own insulin;
- Blood glucose levels can not be controlled with lifestyle modification and medications.
Insulin is administered by injection.
Testing blood glucose in diabetes mellitus 2 type
You can control the level of glucose in the blood with a special device – glucose meter. Check the blood glucose level throughout the day helps avoid unexpected problems. It will also help the doctor determine the effectiveness of treatment. Monitor blood sugar levels is especially important, if you are taking insulin.
Routine testing may not be necessary, if diabetes is under control or you do not take insulin. Talk to your doctor, before you start or stop the monitoring of blood sugar.
Determining the level of HbA1c can be done in the doctor's office. Physicians are advised to maintain the level of HbA1c below 7%.
Reducing the risk of diabetes complications 2 type
High blood glucose levels over a long period of time can cause damage to vital organs. The most susceptible to the affected kidney, eyes and nerves. Diabetes can also increase the risk of heart disease.
Maintaining a normal blood glucose level is the first step to reduce the risk of complications. Other measures include:
- Take care of the feet. When you see any wounds or inflamed areas on them, consult a doctor. Keep feet clean and dry;
- Once a year, tested by an ophthalmologist;
- Do not smoke. If you smoke, try to quit;
- See your doctor regularly, in accordance with its recommendations.
Prevention of diabetes mellitus 2 type
To reduce the risk of developing diabetes 2 type:
- Maintain an acceptable level of physical activity;
- Maintain a healthy weight;
- Drink alcohol in moderation;
- Go to a well balanced diet:
- Consume adequate amounts of fiber;
- Avoid fatty foods;
- Limit your intake of sugar;
- Eat more green leafy vegetables
- Eat whole fruit, especially apples, grapes, blueberries.
