Myelodysplastic syndrome

What is myelodysplastic syndrome?

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDC) - group of diseases, which are associated with bone marrow dysfunction. Костный мозг – ткань, located in bones. His task is, to produce mature blood cells from stem cells. In all forms of violation of MDC develop blood cells, as a result of the mutation of one of the types of stem cells. This leads to a decrease in develop normal red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets.

The World Health Organization classifies the MDC into eight categories. Some forms are more dangerous, than other; all of them are serious enough, to require a doctor's care. At thirty percent of people with MDS is developing acute myeloid leukemia (OML), one of the types of leukemia, cancer of the white blood cells and their parent cells. Right now, starting all learn more about IBC, experts have begun to consider it as a form of cancer.

Causes Of MDC

The cause of IBS is unknown, but studies show, that there are certain risk factors, associated with the occurrence of the disease.

Risk factors of MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

IBC is more common illness among men and among persons aged 60 and older. Other factors, that may increase the chance of developing IBS include:

• The presence of family members with MDC;
• Certain genetic syndromes:
  • Down's syndrome:
  • Fanconi Anemia;
  • Syndrome Švahmana-Diamond;
  • Congenital neutropenia;
  • Family history of disorders of platelets;
• Exposure to large doses of radiation;
• Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene;
• Impact of pesticides;
• Radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy for cancer treatment;
• Smoking.

IBS Symptoms

Usually, in the early stages of the MDC have not shown any symptoms. In the later stages of symptoms may vary from person to person, whichever, how seriously disease. At the late stages of the disease symptoms may include:

• Signs of anemia due to underproduction or a low number of red blood cells:
  • Fatigue;
  • Breathlessness;
  • Pale skin;
  • A feeling of weakness and fatigue;
  • Heart failure (in severe cases);
• Neutropenia occurs, When there is insufficient level of white blood cells. White blood cells help fight infection. Signs of this disease include:
  • Fever;
  • Cough;
  • Frequent, unusual or particularly serious infections;
• Thrombocytopenia occurs, When there is insufficient level of platelets in the blood. Platelets stop bleeding by blood clotting. Signs of thrombocytopenia include:
  • Frequent small bleeding, especially from the nose and gums;
  • Bruising after light bruises;
• Other symptoms may include loss of appetite, weight loss and fatigue.

Diagnosis Of MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical examination. IBS symptoms are similar to the symptoms of many other diseases. A doctor must rule out other diseases, before diagnosing IBS.

Tests for the detection of MDS may include:

• Blood test, to check the number of red and white blood cells, and platelets;
• Bone marrow biopsy for detection of MDC. Биопсия костного мозга – отбор образца костного мозга для тестирования;
• The doctor may also prescribe other analyses, to rule out other possible diseases.

Treatment Of MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

IBS treatment depends on the age of the, the presence of other diseases and ensure, how seriously disease. Treatment also depends on, How progressed MDC. Often treatment involves relieving the symptoms of IBC. Consult your doctor about the optimal treatment method for you. Also you can be naprpavleny to the oncologist and haematologist, doctors who specialize in diseases of the blood (hematologist) hematologist (oncologist). IBC treatment options include:

Blood transfusions in MDS

If you have a low level of red blood cells, leukocytes or platelets, blood transfusions can be assigned. Переливание крови – метод лечения, that includes the introduction of blood products (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, coagulation factors, plasma or whole blood) via Vienna. Blood components may be obtained from an unrelated donor, from a sibling donor, or, perhaps, were selected in advance you have.

Antibiotics in the treatment of MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

If there is a low white blood cells, You may be prescribed antibiotics to fight infection.

Growth factors

Growth factors are used to stimulate the formulation of blood cells bone marrow. For the treatment of IBS can be used the following growth factors:

• Эритропоэтин – является фактором роста, that helps the bone marrow to produce red blood cells;
• Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and colony-stimulating factor granulocyte macrophage (GM-CSF) are growth factors, that help bone marrow to produce white blood cells. Pègfilgrastim is a form of G-CSF, which operates more efficiently;
• Опрелвекин – препарат, that helps the body produce platelets.

Chemotherapy in the treatment of MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

Химиотерапия – использование химических препаратов для уничтожения раковых клеток. Chemotherapy drugs can be provided in various forms, including: tablets, injections or using a catheter. The drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body, killing mainly cancer, and also some healthy cells.

Standard chemotherapy

There Is 3 combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs, used to treat IBS. These combinations include:

• Cytarabine and idarubicin;
• Cytarabine and topotekanom;
• Cytarabine and flûdarabin;

Gipometiliruûŝie agents

Гипометилирующие агенты – препараты, that slow down cell growth, and include:

• Decitabine;
• Azacitidine.

Immunomoduliruûŝaâ therapy for treatment of MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME

Иммуномодуляторы – препараты, that alter the functioning of the immune system, and include:

• Thalidomide;
• Lenalidomide.

Immunosuppressive agents

Immunosuppressant medications suppress the immune system, and include:

• Antitimocit globulin (ATG);
• Cyclosporine.

Stem cell transplantation

The only treatment method, allowing to cure IBS, is stem cell transplantation (TSK). TSC procedure begins with the reception of high doses of the drugs for chemotherapy, to kill bone marrow, followed by the injection of healthy stem cells. Stem cells, used for transplantation can be selected from the blood or bone marrow donor.

There are two types of TSC. Less common ones is like TSK, When the patient injected his own cells, After high dose chemotherapy. A more common method is allogeneic TSK, When the patient gets the donor cells after high-dose chemotherapy.

Many doctors recommend hold TSC pacietov only at the age of 50 or younger.

Prevention Of MDC

To reduce the likelihood of MDC:

• Avoid exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as benzene;
• Do not smoke, or if you smoke, drop it;
• To reduce the risk of cancer:
  • Eat well-balanced, healthy foods;
  • Be active;
  • Maintain a healthy weight;
  • Avoid environmental and occupational risks.