Mak masličnyj – Papaver somniferum L.

An annual herbaceous plant 1-1.5 m, families makovыh (Papaveraceae). Oilseed poppy has long been cultivated in culture.

The chemical composition of olive cultivation

Boxes oilseed poppy contain over 20 different alkaloid compounds. These alkaloids of the chemical structure divided into phenanthrene derivatives, isoquinoline and diizohinolina, Quantitative content in the feedstock ranges from 1 to 2,5 %, The main biologically active alkaloids are morphine, codeine and papaverine, found in plants and organic acids, fixed oils, b-ситостерин, and other chemicals.

The pharmacological properties of olive cultivation

In medical practice, using three main alkaloid - morphine, codeine and papaverine, which is responsible for the total pharmacological activity of the plant.

Morphine It refers to the group of narcotic analgesics, and most widely used in medical practice. Under the influence of morphine selectively reduces pain sensitivity without substantially changing the haptic, Temperature, visual, and other types of hearing sensitivity of the human body.

In the mechanism of the analgesic effect of morphine can be identified such basic components, as the inhibition of associative activity and non-specific thalamic nuclei, block the transmission of pain impulses to the cerebral cortex to the parallel inhibition of their transfer to the stem structures, in particular to the net formation (retikulyarnaya formation). Concerning, apparently, also reduces the perception of pain by changing the activating downstream effects of subcortical regions of the brain, and inhibition activity of certain neurons in the spinal cord.

Besides, of great importance in the central neurotropic mechanisms of pharmacological action of morphine plays his distinctive sedative and hypnotic effect, which is connected with the general oppression of the higher parts of the CNS function, inhibitory effect on conditioned reflexes, decrease the ability of the central nervous system and the summation suppression ascending reticular activating system of the brain stem and the education of the limbic system. In large doses, morphine acts on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers and the regulation of hormone, whereby a decrease in body temperature and a decrease in urine output due to increased release of vasopressin.

Important role in the pharmacological activity of morphine plays his depressant effect on the excitability of the cough and respiratory centers of the brain. Small doses of this alkaloid cause slowing of the increase in the frequency and depth of breathing movements; Large doses cause a further decrease in the frequency and decrease the depth of breathing. Toxic doses of morphine may lead to the emergence of periodic breathing such as Cheyne-Stokes respiration, followed by a stop, that is considered the main cause of death for poisoning by morphine.

Morphine It causes stimulation of the vagus nerves center with the advent of bradycardia "inhibits the vomiting center, It has a tonic effect on the smooth muscle and the sphincter, opposite, inhibitory effects on motor and secretory activity of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive organs.

Codeine also refers to derivatives of phenanthrene, but unlike morphine drug much stronger inhibits cough center, and this is due to its importance for medicine. The analgesic properties of codeine compared with morphine less pronounced, Besides, in therapeutic doses under its action does not occur significant respiratory depression, heart and the gastrointestinal tract. This difference in the pharmacologic activity of codeine gives it great advantages in practical use as highly selective antitussive, having minimal side effects compared to other narcotic analgesics.

For a number of isoquinoline alkaloids poppy capsules oilseed concerns papaverine, which, unlike morphine and codeine has pronounced spasmolytic and vasodilator properties. This alkaloid does not have a strong inhibitory action on the higher parts of the central nervous system and is characterized by narcotic analgesics, a pronounced effect on smooth muscles, which is a decrease in the tone and the relaxation of smooth muscle organs.

On the mechanism of vasodilator effect of papaverine should be attributed to myotropic antispasmodics. Under the influence of the drug in animals, a dilation of blood vessels as a result of reducing the tone of smooth muscles of large vessels and arterioles, including heart and brain vessels, lowers blood pressure. Along with koronarorasshiryayuschee effect increases myocardial oxygen consumption, since papaverine weakens the contractility of the heart muscle and decreases its excitability: when administered at high doses the drug can be observed violation of atrioventricular conduction.

Application of olive cultivation in medicine

Morphine hydrochloride - the main representative group of opioids - is widely used as an analgesic in to- and postoperative, trauma, accompanied by severe pain, and the prevention of shock. Morphine is prescribed for preparing the patient for surgery to reduce negative emotions. Apply for pain, associated with the pathology of the internal organs (eg, malignancy, myocardial infarction, in various inflammatory processes, in renal and intestinal colic, etc.. d.). Opioids also have sedative and hypnotic effect.

Sometimes the morphine is used in the strong cough, odyške, associated with acute heart failure.

Codeine is used mainly for calming coughs. It is often prescribed in combination with drugs and sedatives for its own amplification sedative properties.

Papaverine used as an antispasmodic in hypertension, angina, migraine, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, pilorospazme, holetsistite, spastic colitis, renal and hepatic colic, asthma. Papaverine is often used in combination with other therapeutic agents (eg, in combination with hypnotics, belladonna alkaloids and with other antispasmodics).

Side effects and contraindications of drugs poppy

Repeated, long-term use of morphine can quickly develop drug dependence, associated with the ability of opioids cause euphoria. Addiction to morphine (morfinizm) accompanied by a breach of normal mental activity and the occurrence of certain diseases of the internal organs. Besides, with repeated use of morphine addiction occurs, in connection with which to achieve a euphoric effect it is necessary to increase the dose progressively. Abrupt withdrawal of morphine for symptoms of drug dependence leads to withdrawal, accompanied by restlessness, insomnia, aggressiveness, fear, anxiously, anguish and breach of a number of physiological functions,

Side effects include nausea morphine, constipation, violation of cardiac rhythm and function of the digestive system. Narcotic analgesics, in particular morphine, contraindicated in old age and children under 2 years, at strong exhaustion, failure of the respiratory center, bradycardia and liver disease.

Negative side effects of codeine are manifested in the appointment to a lesser extent, than with morphine, however, it is released to the same restrictions, other narcotic analgesics.

Formulations, Dosage and administration of drugs poppy

Morphine hydrochloride (Morphine hydrochloride) administered under the skin (adults usually 1 ml 1 % solution), inside (0,01 -- 0,02 g powdered). Children over 2 years prescribed depending on the age of 0.001-0.005 g per reception. Higher doses for adults : (inside and under the skin): single 0,02 g, daily 0,05 g. Children under 2 do not prescribe morphine years.

Omnopon (Medical opium) It is a mixture of the hydrochloride salts of alkaloids; It contains 43-50 % Morphine and 32-35 % other alkaloids. The solutions contain omnopona 1 ml 1 % solution (and respectively in 1 ml 2 % solution): Morphine hydrochloride 6,7 mg (13,4 mg), narcotine 2,7 mg (5,4 mg), papaverine hydrochloride 0,36 g (0,72 mg), codeine 0,72 mg (1,44 mg), teʙaina 0,05 mg (0,1 mg); pH 2.5-3.5 solutions.

Omnopon prescribed to adults at a dose of 0.01-0.02 g per reception; injected under the skin by 1 ml 1 % or 2 % solution. Children over 2 0,001-0,0075 years appoint Mr. omnopona appointment, depending on age. Higher doses for adults (orally or subcutaneously): single 0,03 g, daily 0,1 g.

Codeine (Codeine) appointed interior powders, tablets and solutions for adults 0.01-0.02 g per reception, older children 2 years - 0,001-0,0075 g per reception depending on -Age.

Codeine phosphate (Codeini phosphas) as a less toxic drug is allowed for use in younger children. Children over 6 Months appoint 0,002-0,01 g -reception depending on age. Adults appoint the same dose, as codeine (ground). Higher doses for adults: -inside job 0,1 g, daily 0,3 g.

Pills "kodterpin" contains: codeine 0,015 g, sodium bicarbonate and terpine on 0,25 g.

"Tablets Cough" contains: codeine 0,002 g, Thermopsis grass powder 0,01 g, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and licorice root powder of 0,2 g. Kodterpin pills and cough appointed as antitussives and expectorants for 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

Papaverine hydrochloride (Papaverine Hydrochloride) Assign inside tablets 0,04 g 3-4 times a day, and the skin on 1 -2 ML 1 -2 % solution. Papaverine is also used as suppositories. Children over 6 Months appoint 0,003-0,03 g per reception, depending on age. Higher doses for adults inside: single 0,2 g, daily 0,6 g; under the skin, intramuscularly and veins: single 0,1 g, daily 0,3 g.

There are also combined pill, containing:

• papaverine hydrochloride 0,02 grams of phenobarbital 0,05 g;
• papaverine hydrochloride and phenobarbital by 0,02 g, platifil- Length gidrotartrata 0,003 g;
• papaverine hydrochloride 0,02 Mr. and platifillina gidrotartrata 0,005 g.

Pills "Dipasalin" contains: papaverine hydrochloride and hydrochloride salsolina 0,025 g, theobromine 0,15 g, diʙazola 0,2 g, fenoʙarʙitala 0,015 g. 54

Antispasmodic and vasodilator. Assign 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

Pills "Nikoverin" (Nicoverinum) contains: papaverine hydrochloride 0,02 g, nicotinic acid 0,05 g. Assign 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day spasm of blood vessels of the brain and peripheral circulatory disorders.

Tablets theobromine, papaverine hydrochloride, salsolina. One tablet contains: theobromine 0,25 g, papaverine hydrochloride and hydrochloride salsolina 0,03 g. Assign 1 tablet 2-3 times a day spasm of cerebral vessels.

Pills "Bepasal" (Bepasal) contains: papaverine hydrochloride 0,03 g, extract of belladonna 0,012 g, fenilsalitsilata (salola) 0,3 g. Prescribed for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract by 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

Morphine and omnopon stored in well-closed container, predohranyayushtey action worldwide; ampoules - in a dark place.

Codeine and its dosage forms stored in a dark place.