Belladonna – Belladonna – Atropa belladonna L.
Perennial herb up to 2 m, families paslenovыh (Solanaceae) . In wild-growing form grows mainly in the Caucasus, in the Crimea and the Carpathians. Cultivated in many European countries, Asia and America. For medical purposes harvested leaves of the plant in June - July. They are used for the manufacture of a number of valuable therapeutic drugs.
The chemical composition of belladonna
Leaves contain belladonna hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropyn, atropamin, ʙelladonin, and a number of other biologically active chemical compounds. The content of alkaloids in the leaves should be at least 0,3 %, it usually ranges from 0,15 to 1-1,2 %.
The pharmacological properties of belladonna
The pharmacological properties of the plant are mainly determined alkaloid belladonna – atropynom, which is a mixture I- и a -гиосциаминов. Atropine belongs to holipoliticheskim Drugs, essentially blocking the M-cholinergic receptors. Under the influence of atropine broken transmission of nerve impulses in the endings of postganglionic parasympathetic nerves due to their insensitivity to the cholinergic neurotransmitter - acetylcholine. In this regard it is considered a classical antagonist atropine functions M-cholinergic systems and M-cholinomimetic agents.
Atropine has pronounced neurogenic and inflammatory properties. Under his influence, it reduced the tone of the smooth muscle organs - intestines, biliary tract, and gall bladder, bronchi, uterus. As a result of M-cholinergic receptor blocking the circular muscles of the iris dilates the pupil (mydriatic effect). In ancient times the mydriatic effect of belladonna (atropyna) It is widely used by women to enhance gloss and eye pupil dilation, in connection with which this plant is widely known under the name "belladonna" (beautiful woman).
Atropine inhibits the function of glandular organs - reduced saliva- and sweating, reduces the formation of gastric juice and pancreatic juice. Due to the reduction of the braking action of the vagus nerve on the heart much more frequent heartbeats. Peripheral M holinoliticheskoe effect of atropine expressed clearly, H-holinoreaktivnye autonomic ganglia drug affects pretty weak.
Atropine has also some central effects holinoliticheskimi, which are most pronounced in the cortical areas and cholinergic reticular brain structures. However, the effect of atropine on the higher parts of the central nervous system is difficult. For Example, large doses of atropine can cause severe mental stimulation, It manifests itself in motor and emotional anxiety, sometimes rolling in a convulsive state.
If adequate therapeutic doses of atropine, stimulating the activity of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata, enhances respiratory function, then when it comes overdose respiratory depression up to a full stop (respiratory paralysis).
Alkaloidы krasavki, in particular atropine, rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, or via other mucous membranes and after enzymatic hydrolysis in the liver renal excretion from the organism. The duration of the effect of atropine obscherezorbtivnogo lasts for 5-7 hours, and when applied topically to the mucous membrane of the eye mydriatic effect can last for more than 5-6 days.
The use of belladonna in medicine
The use of drugs in medicine herb pharmacological properties due to its high level of alkaloids, in particular atropine. Uses drugs, consisting of individual chemical compounds, isolated from the plant, or as a total and integrated resources.
Preparations of belladonna and atropine used as antispasmodics and analgesics for stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers, chronic gastritis giperatsidnyh, in diseases of the bile ducts and gall bladder, in some forms of pancreatitis, as well as cholelithiasis and urolithiasis, intestinal colic and other diseases, accompanied by smooth muscle spasms.
In gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, atropine should be administered orally at a dose of an effective (until mild dry mouth), picking it individually. Depending on the sensitivity to atropine dosage may correspond dropwise 6-8-10-12-15 0,1 % solution to receive 2-3 times a day. Assign for 30-40 minutes before eating or one hour after a meal. During exacerbation of the disease, atropine is administered under the skin at the beginning.
When the pain, associated with spasms of smooth muscles, Atropine is often administered analgesic (promedol, morphine and the like.).
Preparations of belladonna alkaloids and individual, isolated therefrom, prescribed for bradycardia vagal origin, atrioventricular block and angina. Marked therapeutic effect of drugs belladonna in bronchial asthma, hypersecretion of sweat and lacrimal glands.
In ophthalmic practice atropine (0,5-1 % solutions) used to improve pupil diagnostic purposes (to identify the true refraction, Research fundus and so. P.) and in the treatment of inflammatory diseases (when iritis, iridociklite, keratitis, etc.. P.), muscle relaxation induced by atropine eye provides a functional peace and contributes to the elimination of the pathological process.
When poisoning holinomimeticheskimi and anticholinesterases introduced 0,1 % solution of atropine in a vein, if necessary - re-.
As an antidote for poisoning prescribe atropine acetylcholine, karʙaxolinom, and various nicotinic compounds antiholinestraznymi, including organophosphate, as well as poisoning with morphine and other analgesic. Atropine is often prescribed together with morphine (omnopon) to reduce the side effects caused by the latter, associated with the excitation of the vagus nerve.
In practice anesthetics atropine used before anesthesia and surgery, and during surgery to prevent bronchus- and laryngospasm, limits the secretion of salivary and bronchial glands and reduce other reflex reactions and side effects, that may arise from the excitation of the vagus nerve.
Side effects and contraindications of drugs belladonna
To prescribe belladonna, should be very careful because of possible increased individual sensitivity of the patient. Treatment should start with small doses. A small overdose can cause dry mouth, ccomodation, mydriasis, difficulty urinating, taxikardiju, constipation. When a stronger poisoning occur motor excitation, dystaxia, hallucinations, delirium, blackout, fever, dilated pupils and photophobia. In general, poisoning belladonna alkaloids proceeds as acute mental disorders.
Belladonna poisoning is more common in children. If poisoning is necessary emergency gastric lavage and administration of laxatives, Activated Carbon, recognizable, M-cholinomimetic drugs (pilocarpine) and anticholinesterase (proserin) actions, hypnotics.
Contraindications to the use of drugs belladonna: glaucoma, sharp organic changes in the cardiovascular system.
Formulations, Method of application and doses of belladonna
Atropine Sulfate-White crystalline or granular powder;. The easily soluble in water and alcohol. Solutions are neutral reaction; to stabilize injectable solutions of hydrochloric acid solution was added until pH 3,0-4,5, sterilized at 100 ° C for 30 m.
Assign inside atropine, parenteralyno and local (as eyedrops). Inside designate adults in powders, tablets and solutions (0,1 %) by Mr. 0,00025-0,0005-0,001 (0,25- 0.5-1 mg) on reception 1-2 times per day. Under the skin, intramuscular and intravenous for 0,00025-0,0005-0,001 g (0,25-0,5- 1 ml 0,1 % solution). Children designate depending on the age of 0,00005 g (0,05 mg) - 0,0005 g (0,5 mg) appointment. Higher doses for adults inside and under the skin: single 0,001 g, daily 6,003 g.
Available as a powder atropine, ampoules and syringe tubes for 1 ml 0,1 % solution; for tablets 0,0005 g (0,5 mg); 1 % eye ointment and the eye of the film in plastic canisters of 30 pieces comprising each film of 1,6 mg of atropine sulfate.
Tincture of belladonna (belladonna). Prepared from the leaves of belladonna (1:10) on 40 % alcohol. Assign 5-10 drops at the reception. Tincture of belladonna is a member of "Zelenin Drops" and other combined forms.
The extract of belladonna (belladonna) thick. Included in the number of combined dosage forms. Single doses: 0,01-0.02 G.
The extract of belladonna (belladonna) dry. In the manufacture of dosage forms of solids used in the double amount with respect to the thick extract is due to a lower content of alkaloids. Higher doses for adults inside: single 0,1 g, daily 0,3 g.
Collection of anti-asthma. Structure: leaf herb 2 parts, leaves henbane 1 part, Datura leaves 6 parts, sodium nitrate 1 part. Apply with bronchial asthma in the form of cigarette.
Solutan. The integrated product, comprising 1 ml 0,01 g of liquid extract of belladonna. Apply with bronchial asthma and bronchitis. Assign inside of 10-30 drops 3 times a day after meals.
Pills "Bellataminal" contains 0,1 mg of belladonna total alkaloids and other components. Apply with increased irritability, insomnia, climacteric neuroses, neurodermatitis, vegetative dystonia. Assign 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.
Pills "Bekarbon" contains 0,01 g herb extracts and other components. Take 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day with cramps, increased acidity of gastric juice.
Pills "Bepasal" contains 0,012 g herb extracts and other components. Prescribed for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract by 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.
Pills "Bellalgin". The integrated product, containing extract of belladonna 0,015 g. Assign 1 tablet 2-3 times a day, preferably in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by high acidity, smooth muscle spasms, pains.
Pills "Bellastezin". The integrated product, comprising 0,015 g extract of belladonna. Take 1 tablet 2-3 times a day with stomach cramps and intestines.
Tablets stomach with an extract of belladonna contains, except sagebrush and valerian extracts, an extract of the herb - 0,01 g. Take 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.
Candles "Betiol". The set includes 0,015 g extract of belladonna. Apply with hemorrhoids and anal fissures.
Candles "Anuzol" contains, besides other components, 0,02 g extract of belladonna. Apply with hemorrhoids and anal fissures.
Leaf herb and drugs derived from it (extracts, tinctures) remain with caution.
