The physical properties of urine

The amount of urine

The amount of urine is measured into a graduated cylinder or tubes. Determination of the daily amount of urine (diuresis) It is a valuable indicator of renal excretory function and water metabolism. Urine output is normal adult human is 1-2 l, diuresis child depends on his age.

Diuresis more 2 - polyuria - Noted when receiving large amounts of fluid, resorption transudate and exudates, edema, after the fever during recovery, when nephrosclerosis, diabetes and diabetes insipidus (4-b l). Temporary polyuria may occur in the nervous excitement. For hydronephrosis characteristic intermittent polyuria.

Insufficient amount of urine (less 0,5 liter per day) in adults - oligurija - Occurs when there is insufficient fluid intake, edema build-up, fever, rvote, pride, heart disease, toxicosis, in acute renal failure, nephro. In infants in the absence of other pathology oliguria could indicate underfeeding.

Complete cessation of urine output - anurija - Noted in severe acute renal failure, severe nephritis, meninges, severe poisoning, peritonitis, tetany, vulvitis, spinal shock and blockage of the urinary tract tumor or stone (Retention anuria). Physiological anuria observed on the first day after birth.

Happy urine stands out, than at night (4:1 or 3:1). The amount of urine, secreted at night - pikturiya - Increases in the initial stage of decompensation of heart, cystitis, pielocistite.

Urinary incontinence - enuresis - Can be lengthy (in diseases of the central nervous system) or temporary (in inflammation of the urinary tract, severe illness with fever, convulsions). Bedwetting can be observed in children with neurasthenia.

Frequent urination - thamuria - Occurs after ingestion of large amounts of liquid, in inflammation of the renal pelvis, Bladder, prostate diseases, urethra, supercooling, nervous disorders. Rare urination - olakiurija - Observed in neuro-reflex Abuse (sometimes accompanied by oliguria).

Dizurija, Strangurie (painful or difficult urination) meets with urolithiasis, pielocistite, urethra, vulvovaginal.

The color of urine

Normally, urine is straw-yellow color. Newborn urine colorless, but on the second or third day after birth becomes amber-brown. In infants urine lighter, than in adults. The normal color depends on the amount of urine urochrome, uroэrytryna, Urobilin, urorozeina, hematoporphyrin etc.. Impurities of different origin can also change the color of urine.

Red color or shade of urine observed in hematuria and hemoglobinuria, indicating organic kidney or enhanced hemolysis. The reddish color of the urine is colored as in purpurinuria, močekislom diathesis, after taking amidopirina, antipirina, sulfa drugs. Santonin gives red color in the allocation of alkaline urine. The pigments of carrots and beets may also color the urine pink. To identify purpurinuria reacted Ehrlich (color reaction with paradimetilaminobenzaldegidom urine after extraction with chloroform).

Roughly about the source of bleeding can be seen via samples trehstakannaya. The red color of urine in all of its three portions indicates bleeding from the kidney, in the first two - of the bladder, in the first portion - of mocheispuska enforcement channel.

Urine with a green tint It appears in the allocation of bile pigments and methylene blue, after eating rhubarb, senna leaf, hrizofanovoy acid drugs.

Brown urine It causes a large amount of bile pigments, disintegrated blood (metgemoglobinom) or the use of some drugs (phenol and others.). The appearance of foam after shaking urine, painted in yellow color, typical for bilirubinuria.

Black color, appearing on standing urine, observed at homogentisuria, in which the urine is released homogentisic acid, darkening the air. To accelerate the darkening can be a few drops of hydrochloric acid.

The milky white color of urine happens when pyuria, the allocation of large amounts of phosphates, lipurii.

The color intensity of urine observed in liver disease, hyperthyroidism, hemolytic process, heart disease, as well as the allocation of more concentrated urine (with pride, toxicosis, rvote, sweating, fever and others.). Light-colored urine is seen with severe renal insufficiency (relative density 1,01 and characteristic changes in the sediment microscopy), because the kidneys lose their ability to secrete dyes and pigments to convert chromogens. Lighter urine is released during polyuria (diabetes and diabetes insipidus).

Transparency (turbidity), urine sediment – The smell of urine

Normally, urine is clear, while standing it is often formed a cloud of mucus, has no specific diagnostic value. Clouding incontinence can be caused by the presence of salts, cellular elements and bacteria, mucus, fat.

The smell of urine

There only "fruit" smell, indicating the urinary excretion of large amounts of ketone bodies.

The reaction of urine

The reaction urine should be determined immediately after its delivery to the laboratory, because on standing it may vary. The most convenient and fastest way is to determine the reaction of the universal indicator, by comparing the change in color of the test paper with a standard color chart. In the mixed nature of the food reaction incontinence in adult weakly acidic or neutral (pH 5-7, average - 6).

The urine is alkaline may be released in the use of plant foods, during digestion in the stomach or upon receipt of alkali drugs. When ahilii reaction of urine during digestion does not change. Alkaline urine also noted after a heavy sour vomiting, at high acidity of gastric juice, during the resorption of edema, at alkaline cystitis.

The urine acid reaction It stands in diabetes, severe renal insufficiency (diseased kidney does not produce ammonia, neutralizing urine), urolithiasis.

Relative density of urine

Relative density of urine It gives an indication of the concentration of dissolved substances and is defined by a special hydrometer (urometrom) with deleniyami from 1,0 to 1,06. To do this, the urine is poured into the narrow cylinder volume 50 ml. If the surface appears wet foam, remove it with a piece of filter paper. Urometr immersed in such a way, to part, remaining above the level of urine, It was dry. When urometr stop dive, push it slightly on top for quite a full immersion. After stopping the oscillation urometra determine the relative density of urine at lower meniscus, TEN track, urometr to float freely.

In determining the relative density of the urine is necessary to consider the temperature, in which the measurement is made (the optimum temperature of 15-22 ° C). Deviation of ambient temperature from the optimum impact on the value of the relative density: at higher temperatures it drops, at a lower - increased. Established, that a change of 3 ° C Relative density changes by one thousandth. Hence, with increasing temperature for each 3 ° C should be added to the relative density 0,001, and vice versa.

The presence of protein in urine, and glucose is also reflected in the relative density. Availability 0,1 g / l glucose increases its density relative to 0,004, and 0,4 g / l protein - about 0,001. If necessary, make appropriate amendments.

Determination of the relative density of urine pycnometer It is more accurate, convenient for a small amount of urine, but technically difficult. There is a method to determine the relative density of urine Todd - Sandorf - Wells using a mixture of benzene and chloroform.

Relative density of the primary urine It is the relative density of blood plasma protein-free - 1,01. Kidneys under different conditions may produce urine with a specific gravity of 1,001 to 1,04. Normal (at normal water load) the relative density of morning urine is often 1,015-1,02. When conducting tests in healthy people Zimnitsky relative density of various portions of the urine varies widely.

In subacute and chronic nephritis, nephrosclerosis ability of the kidneys to the cultivation and concentration decreases, and in severe kidney disease lost. In such cases, the kidneys excrete urine with a relative density 1,01. Prolonged release of urine so called izostenuriya. This feature shows at the stage of kidney damage.

The fluctuation of the relative density of urine within very narrow limits (1,007-1.015) called gipostenuriey. Gipostenuriя It indicates a significant kidney, for which the function they are still saved.

MD mild renal lesions observed minor violation of their ability to concentrate and dilution and variations in the relative density of urine 1,004 to 1,025.

Maximum the upper limit of the relative density of urine in healthy humans - 1,028, children up to 3 4 years- 1,025. Lower maximum relative density of urine is a sign of violation of concentration ability of the kidneys. It is considered, the lower limit of the minimum relative density, component 1,003-1,004, indicating normal kidney function breeding. To detect vibrations relative density of urine sample is carried out on a sample xerophagy Zimnitsky or any water load (in the absence of contraindications).

Relative density of urine decreases sharply with diabetes insipidus (1,001-1.004), as a result of violation of reabsorption. Low relative density of urine can occur with decreasing swelling, abundant use of liquid, malnutrition. High relative density of urine, usually, It is seen with oliguria (acute nephritis, the formation or growth of edema, pride and others.), diabetes, despite the presence of polyuria.

Sample Zimnitsky - Methodology for

The function of the kidneys to concentrate and breeding study during the day. The diet of the patient remains a common, but take into account the number of received liquid.

After emptying the bladder 6 a.m. every 3 during the day hours urine was collected in separate banks, eight servings. The quantity of each portion is determined and a relative density of urine.

The daily amount of urine and the amount of fluid you drink compared to establish percent of its allocation. Day and night urine output is determined by summing the amount of urine separately in the first and last four servings. Sets the range of oscillations of the number and relative density of urine per day.

In healthy people, the study of renal function on the following indicators Zimnitsky:

• daily diuresis – about 1,5 l (stands 50-80 % all you drink fluids);
• daily- about 1 l (predominates), night - about 0,5 l;
• the amount of urine in separate batches ranging from 50 to 400 ml, Relative density-by 1,003 to 1,028.