Parkinson's disease-treatment. Symptoms and prevention of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, characterized by loss of control over their patients movements. The disease is caused by progressive destruction and loss of nerve cells, that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, mainly in the substantia nigra and other divisions of the central nervous system. In the vast majority of cases of Parkinson's disease is typical for older adults.

Parkinson's Disease: causes and factors

The exact causes of Parkinson's disease remains unclear. To date it is known, What disease develops against the backdrop of the elaboration of dopamine. But, What is the cause of such violation is unclear. According to one theory, Parkinson's disease may develop during exposure to some substances neirotoksicskih. In particular, found, that injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetragiropiridina (MFTP) contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease. Thus, We can assume, that substances with a similar chemical structure (as the MFTP) may be a significant factor in the development of the disease.

According to the oxidative hypothesis, Parkinson's disease develops under the influence of free radicals, formed under oxidative metabolism of dopamine.

According to medical statistics, the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease in smokers 3 times lower, than non-smokers. Probably, due to the fact, that nicotine stimulates dopamine.

Racial differences in the structure of disease no. Men have Parkinson's disease occurs a little more often, than in women.

Types of disease: classification of Parkinson's disease

According to the adopted classification of Parkinson's disease is of two types:

• Primary Parkinson's disease (idiopathic syndrome).
• Secondary Parkinson's disease, that occurs on a background of long-term medication, which has a negative effect on the central nervous system. Also, in some cases of Parkinson's disease develops following trauma, a negative impact on the central nervous system.

As for parkinsonism, that according to the latest decisions of the European Association of the disease it is commonly divided into four main groups:

• Idiopaticheskiy Parkinsonism.
• Genetic form of Parkinson's disease (familial forms of the disease).
• Parkinsonizm, occurring against the backdrop of other neurodegenerative diseases.
• Simptomaticheskiy Parkinsonism, arising, eg, when taking certain medications, action of drugs and toxic substances, trauma, tumors, endocrine and inflammatory and infectious diseases.

There are classification by stages of Parkinson's disease. So, on the safety of daily activity of the patient and the need for the use of drug therapy of Parkinson's disease is in 3 stage:

• The early stage of Parkinson's disease. At this stage, minimal disease manifestations. The patient can continue to carry out their work without any restrictions. Early stage Parkinson's disease does not require admission medication.
• Developed stage. At this stage the patient's activity is broken, and it must regularly take drugs on the basis of levodopa.
• Late-stage Parkinson's disease. This case raises serious violations, and the patient loses the ability to maintain. Treatment of Parkinson's disease complicated by the appearance late stage phenomena on the reception side antiparkinson agents. This greatly limits the possibility of drug therapy.

There is a classification in the form of parkinsonism, whereby it considered predominance of certain symptoms. In this classification allocate:

• Shaking shape - a disease manifested by tremor of limbs.
• Akinetic-rigid form - Parkinson's disease manifested appreciable stiffness and slowness of motions of the patient.
• Mixed form-Parkinson's disease is leaking with all symptoms violations motion activity.

There is a classification by Henu-Yar, in which emit 5 stages of the disease:

• The first stage of Parkinson's disease-symptoms affect only one half of the body.
• The second stage of Parkinson's disease-symptoms is marked with two sides.
• The third stage of Parkinson's disease-the coordination of patient. Patient notes shaky gait, but at the same time, he is able to move independently.
• The fourth stage of Parkinson's disease-symptoms markedly restrict the motor activity of the patient, that is no longer able to walk without assistance.
• Fifth stage of Parkinson's disease-the patient is forced to stay in bed or on the couch. Even with assistance to move the patient becomes very hard, It is virtually impossible to.

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease: as manifested disease

The main symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:

• Expressed rigidity, muscle tension and lack of coherence in their action. The patient quickly get tired and feel weak.
• Tremors of the extremities, has the baby character.
• Bradikinesia-pronounced slow in movements.
• Half-bent condition of hands and feet.
• «Posture»-seeker – the emergence of pronounced stoop.
• Cramps and muscle contractions of the body, causing pain.
• Coordination and balance in space. Unstable gait and Frequent downs.
• Strong weakening (or loss of) mimic activity.
• Muscle spasms of the bladder, that leads to loss of control over the process of urination.
• Sleep Disorders.
• Development of severe depression, memory impairment. While the patient may retain the ability to due discernment.

Actions of a patient with Parkinson's disease

When the first symptoms of the disease a person must consult a neurologist. Parkinson's disease is extremely important to start treatment at early stages.

Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease

Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in most cases is established according to the characteristic clinical signs and does not cause difficulties. Electromyography allows you to install causes tremor and exclude the presence of other diseases. To deter violations of brain activity is conducted electroencephalography.

Treatment of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is an incurable, and existing treatments are aimed at relieving the symptoms of the disease. The main drugs, remove the breach in the movements, are levodopa, agonists dofamine receptors, as well as MAO inhibitors of type b.

It is also possible and the surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease. In particular, practised such operations as talatomija, pallidotomy, as well as minimally invasive neurosurgical operations for stimulation of nerve cells.

• Conservative treatment of Parkinson's disease. The basis for conservative treatment of Parkinson's disease is reception antiparkinsonicakih preparations, among them is primarily used levodopa. This medication decreases symptoms of Parkinson's disease such as rigidity and gipokineziu. In addition to levodopa, Parkinson's disease also are used extensively by the agonists of dopamine, MAO inhibitors, inhibitors of reverse takeover neironalnogo dopamine, Central and holinoblokatora other. Usually, drug therapy of Parkinson's disease start then, When the disease is already starting to manifest symptoms.
• Surgical treatment. When conservative treatment does not bring the desired result, the decision to conduct the operations of neurosurgery. Most common operations are thalamotomy in Parkinson's disease and pallidotomy. When talamotomii destroys the ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus, that leads to a marked reduction of tremor. When conducting a doctor inserts a special needle pallidotomies were carried out in the pallidus (the structure of the brain, When dysfunction which violated motor functions) for its partial destruction.
• Brain neurostimulation. This is a new and encouraging enough method of treatment not only of Parkinson's disease, but epilepsy. The essence of this method is, that patient, implanting electrodes in the brain, connect with nejrostimuljatorom, established by the SC in the chest area. Neurostimulator delivers on electrodes impulses, that leads to the normalization of brain activity, in particular, those structures, who are responsible for the appearance of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Nejrostimuljacii methodology in developed countries actively used and gives great results.

Remember, that modern treatment able for years to ensure the patient is disabled and a full life. The main thing in time to see a doctor and follow a few rules, namely:

• Always follow your doctor's instructions.
• Patient (as well as his friends and colleagues) You should consider the Organization of its work and rest so, to avoid possible problems and complications.
• Stick to the assigned doctor diet and carry out complex physical exercises, recommended by your doctor.
• If necessary, undergo psychotherapy courses and sessions with social workers.
• In no case to self-medicate.

Complications of Parkinson's disease

Patients prone to pneumonia due to problems with swallowing and zhevanijam. Food particles, fluid and saliva enter the respiratory tract, that leads to the development of infectious process.

Patients with Parkinson's disease are susceptible to skin cancer and melanoma. The causes of this phenomenon are not yet established.

Prevention of Parkinson's disease

To date, talk about any effective preventive measures against Parkinson's disease does not have to. Experts believe, What few reduce the likelihood of developing the disease will help drinking coffee (in the absence of contraindications), limit contact with toxic substances, adequate intake of vitamins and physical activity.